Cracked heels, which are also referred to as foot fissures, are a result of an abnormal accumulation of thick skin growth (callus) along the surface of the heel line. The heels appear dry and are often discolored yellow or brown. The skin on the heel becomes excessively dry due to the absence of sebaceous glands (oil glands) resulting in the formation of cracks or fissures. This common foot disorder is usually a cosmetic problem but if the cracks on the heel line begin to deepen and bleed, an infection can occur and medical treatment may be required.

Appearance of Dry Cracked Heels

• The skin on the heel line feels taut due to the dryness.
• The heels usually appear brown or yellow in color.
• Redness of the heels can occur due to the scratching of the feet from the itching sensation that usually accompanies the condition.
• Due to the dryness of the feet, the skin can begin to peel and flake along the heel line
• The feet can become painful while walking due to the formation of the deepen cracks or fissures
• The formation of deep cracks can result in bleeding and subsequent bacterial or fungal infections.

Causes of Dry Cracked Heels

• A dry skin type can leave the feet predisposed to the formation of cracks along the heel line
• Overweight individuals are prone to developing dry cracked heels due to the increased uneven pressure on the pads of the feet situated under the heels. The increased weight can also destroy the sudoriferous glands (sweat glands) resulting in the skin drying out.
• Prolonged standing can cause an increased amount of pressure on the feet resulting in the formation of dry cracked heels, even if not overweight.
• Incorrect foot wear can lead to the development of cracks along the heel line. Shoes and socks tend to create friction which also contributes to dryness of the feet
• Diabetic neuropathy, which is a complication of diabetes, leads to the decrease in sweating resulting in the dryness of the skin on the feet.
• An underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism) decreases the body’s metabolism rate which may also reduce skin lubrication.
• Chronic skin conditions such as eczema and psoriasis can lead to the development of dry cracked heels
• Prescription drugs such as diuretics and antihistamines have a drying effect on the skin
• Biomechanical defects such as flat feet, high arched or pronation can result in an uneven weight distribution which destroys sweat glands. This causes the area of the skin to become thick and dry.

Treatment for dry heels

• Soak feet in water containing a refreshing foot cleanser. This offers short term relief.
• Use a pumice stone to slough of the dry skin accumulated on the heel. This exfoliates the dry dead skin and allows a moisturizer to penetrate deeper into the skin. However, beware of excessive exfoliating which may leave the skin raw. Do not use a razor to remove the thick skin on the heel as an infection can develop.
• The feet should be moisturized twice a day using an oil based cream, which will assist with skin hydration and prevent further water loss from the skin.
• Use ergonomically designed footwear to reduce pressure on the sole.
• Individuals that are overweight should use heel cups or pads to equalize the pressure on the feet
• Use inner soles to eliminate points of friction on the feet
• Avoid the use of nylon socks as it may contribute to skin dryness.